“We were surprised to see that the majority of content and commentary being shared actually supports the scientific consensus on climate change. Very little commentary or content in mainstream conversation seems to belong to active climate skeptics. Our findings indicate that mainstream dialogue on these platforms embraces the scientific consensus.”
Context
The Oxford Internet Institute launched the Computational Propaganda Research Project to observe how algorithms and patterns lead to the spread of political thought on the internet. Although their work revolves around the link between social thought and the internet, automation has a vital role. To shift public opinion to their idea of what it should be, miscreants and propagandists have been using automated bots for ages. These generate traffic on social media websites by churning thousands of similar posts simultaneously. Hashtags hence become a measure of how popular an idea is. If bots are propagating a certain hashtag, it will look more convincing to an onlooker. The COMPROP, therefore, also analyses how people can use social media bots to amplify or repress political content that may include junk news, misinformation or ethnicity, and race-based hate. On their official website, they write:“We use perspectives from organizational sociology, human computer interaction, communication, information science, and political science to interpret and analyze the evidence we are gathering.”
The Report
The Oxford Internet Institute report has a memo and an online supplement (PDF). The online supplement lists the methods that the researchers followed. However, the memo lists conclusions and possible inferences from the results they obtained. The researchers used Botometer to check the activity of certain Twitter accounts. Then the software analyzed whether those accounts were automated bots or not. This analysis comes out in the form of a score, which indicates the likeliness of a Twitter account being a bot. Using the software, the researchers further tracked hashtags to follow conversations on Twitter regarding climate change. The data collection on a climate change dialogue on Twitter yielded dozens of hashtags. They then selected 70 and divided those into three categories. The hashtags under the consensus category directly talked about practical action surrounding the impending doom of climate change. The hashtags under the skeptic category kept a lookout for indicators that might tell why climate change is happening and how. Another list of neither hashtags had apparently too wide to be categorized in the two above. Their research took account of automated bots but did not include other social media strategies. These might include ironic use, protest mobilization, or even hashtag hijacking. Other than Twitter accounts, the research also panned over Facebook clusters and groups. The Oxford Internet Institute researchers used a clustering algorithm to build a graph between nodes and the rest of the social media website. The algorithm clustered Facebook groups based on the criterion of ‘likes.’Conclusions
The abstract of the memo (PDF) by Oxford Internet Institute summarizes their findings:“Concerns are growing about the polarization of the climate change debate. Despite broad consensus among scientists that climate change is both occurring and anthropogenic, a vocal movement expresses skepticism about the validity of the scientific consensus. In this data memo, we analyze the climate change dialogue and news shared over Twitter and Facebook.”The first and foremost conclusion of the research was that most posts on both websites support climate change. Most of the user accounts analyzed by the researchers proved to be making positive comments regarding the different aspects of climate change. Under the topic of climate change, the most shared content was from professional news networks. On Twitter, this was around 33% of all the content about climate change. Whereas on Facebook, it was about 49% of the content on climate change. On Twitter, businesses normally drive a major chunk of the conversation on climate change. However, on Facebook, the most commentary is the one by civil societies. There is a flip side to the conversations on social media endorsing the scientific consensus on climate change. It is embarrassingly easy to polarize people on absolutely anything using social media. This polarization about climate change comes from conspiracy theories. These claim to unveil modern science for the ‘sham’ it is. However, the research found out that YouTube plays a major role in spreading and normalizing content that polarizes people. The accounts on Facebook that spread skepticism have much less traction. On the other hand, the accounts that spread consensus are much more widely accepted in the social medium’s broader community. They concluded that with regards to climate change, there is very little automated bot tweeting going around.
Inferences:
Ana Grouverman comments on YouTube being a major player in spreading populist propaganda around climate change:“This finding places more onus on platforms that enable the distribution of audiovisual content to mitigate issue of misinformation in science.”Dr. Vidya Narayanan is one of the researchers who carried out this project. She says:
“Future studies should look at skeptic communities in more detail, especially with regards to how someone might transition from having a fairly neutral opinion on climate change to joining a community that promotes climate skepticism. Insular communities will often use very specific words, symbols and hashtags not recognizable to outsiders, so qualitative approaches may be necessary before their activities can be studied at scale.”All in all, the results have brought a sigh of relief to all concerned for the ongoing polarization of something as basic as climate change. Scientists all over the world have agreed upon climate change being a bitter reality. They have also openly claimed that it is caused by human activity. However, populist propaganda diverts attention from the capitalist giants that profit off of our dying planet. It blames science instead. This recent study cannot be the reason for the conversation to stop happening. It does, however, prove that all is not lost yet.
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